Walls are the vertical elements of a building which enclose the space within it and divide the space into room kitchen, living room and the other.
Wall are divided into 2 types:-
a) loadbearing- support loads from floor and roof
b) non-loadbearing- do not support loads from floor and roof
The function of walls are:-
- strength and stability
- weather resistance
- fire resistance
- thermal insulation
- sound insulation
There are many ways of framing a building, there are platform frame, ballon frame, modified frame, independent frame and prefabrication frame . Western platform method, walls are started by making a frame. The frame is make by nailing boards to the tops and bottoms of other board(which called as plate). The vertical boards called studs. The frame must be made very strong to hold up the roof.
The general sequence for making wall frame is:-
I. Lay out the longest outside wall section
II. Cut the parts
III. Nail the parts together
IV. Raise the wall
V. Brace it in place
VI. Lay out the next wall
VII. Repeat the process
VIII. Join the walls
IX. Do all outside walls
X. Do all inside walls
Step 5: Roof Structure
A roof is the essential part of every building. It main function is for sheltering. It other functions got weather insulation, strength and stability, thermal insulation, fire resistance and sound insulation. A roof structure may consists joists and sheathing, beams and decking, flat trusses concrete slabs.
The roof structure must be designed to carry dead loads, live loads and wind loads.The degree required against surface water from the outside, water vapor diffusion from the inside, moist air flow and heat flow and solar radiation.
Sloping roof shed water easily to eave gutters. minimum slope requirement is ¼” per foot.
Types of roof:-
a) flat and pitched roofs
b) two and three-dimensional roof structures
c) long and short-span roofs
Joists or rafters are spaced 12”,16” or 24”, depend on the roof load and the spanning capability of the sheathing. Sheathing over wood rafters typically consists of perfrmance-rated plywood or nonvencered panels. These panels maybe interior grade plywood, or exposure 1 (exterior glue) or exosure 2 (intermediate glue) panels.
Steps to build a roof frame:-
i. Check the plans to see what type of roof is desired
ii. Select the ceiling joist style and spacing
iii. Lay out ceiling joists for openings
iv. Cut ceilingjoists to length and shape
v. Lay out regular rafter spacing
vi. Lay out the rafters and cut to the size
vii. Set the rafters in place
viii. Nail the rafters to the ridge board
ix. Nail the rafters to the wall plate
x. Figure out the sheathing needed for the roof
xi. Apply the sheathing according to specifications
xii. Attach the soffit
xiii. Put in braces or lookouts where needed
xiv. Cut special openings in the roof decking
xv. Covering the roof
A roof is the essential part of every building. It main function is for sheltering. It other functions got weather insulation, strength and stability, thermal insulation, fire resistance and sound insulation. A roof structure may consists joists and sheathing, beams and decking, flat trusses concrete slabs.
The roof structure must be designed to carry dead loads, live loads and wind loads.The degree required against surface water from the outside, water vapor diffusion from the inside, moist air flow and heat flow and solar radiation.
Sloping roof shed water easily to eave gutters. minimum slope requirement is ¼” per foot.
Types of roof:-
a) flat and pitched roofs
b) two and three-dimensional roof structures
c) long and short-span roofs
Joists or rafters are spaced 12”,16” or 24”, depend on the roof load and the spanning capability of the sheathing. Sheathing over wood rafters typically consists of perfrmance-rated plywood or nonvencered panels. These panels maybe interior grade plywood, or exposure 1 (exterior glue) or exosure 2 (intermediate glue) panels.
Steps to build a roof frame:-
i. Check the plans to see what type of roof is desired
ii. Select the ceiling joist style and spacing
iii. Lay out ceiling joists for openings
iv. Cut ceilingjoists to length and shape
v. Lay out regular rafter spacing
vi. Lay out the rafters and cut to the size
vii. Set the rafters in place
viii. Nail the rafters to the ridge board
ix. Nail the rafters to the wall plate
x. Figure out the sheathing needed for the roof
xi. Apply the sheathing according to specifications
xii. Attach the soffit
xiii. Put in braces or lookouts where needed
xiv. Cut special openings in the roof decking
xv. Covering the roof
Step 6: Install Doors and Windows
Do you know that windows and doors play an important role in any type of house or building? They use to allow the air to circulate and allow passage in and out of the structure.
Some standards are set for the design of both. Most residential doors, are 6 feet 8 inches in height, it is a safe height to use for doors. Windows should be placed at the area that will allow some view from either a standing or a sitting position.
Ways to install window:
i. Check for proper window opening
ii. Uncrate the prehung window
iii. Remove the braces, if called for by the manufacturer
iv. Place builder’s paper or felt between window and sheathing
v. Place the window in the opening and check for level and plumb
vi. Attach the window at the corner or place one nail in the casing or flange (depend on the window)
vii. Check for the proper operation of the window
viii. Secure the window in its opening
Types of window that differ by hinge or swings direction: -
- Horizontal sliding windows
- Awning picture windows
- Double-hung windows
- Casement windows
Do you know that windows and doors play an important role in any type of house or building? They use to allow the air to circulate and allow passage in and out of the structure.
Some standards are set for the design of both. Most residential doors, are 6 feet 8 inches in height, it is a safe height to use for doors. Windows should be placed at the area that will allow some view from either a standing or a sitting position.
Ways to install window:
i. Check for proper window opening
ii. Uncrate the prehung window
iii. Remove the braces, if called for by the manufacturer
iv. Place builder’s paper or felt between window and sheathing
v. Place the window in the opening and check for level and plumb
vi. Attach the window at the corner or place one nail in the casing or flange (depend on the window)
vii. Check for the proper operation of the window
viii. Secure the window in its opening
Types of window that differ by hinge or swings direction: -
- Horizontal sliding windows
- Awning picture windows
- Double-hung windows
- Casement windows
Ways to install doors:
i. Check the opening for correct measurement
ii. Uncrate the prehung door. If the door is not prehung, place the molding and trim in place first. Attach the door hinges by cutting the gains and screwing in the hinges
iii. Check for plumb and level
iv. Temporarily secure the door with shims and nails
v. Check for proper operation
vi. Secure the door permanently
vii. Install the lock and its associated hardware
Doors can be divided in exterior door and interior doors. Then exterior doors include panel doors, sash doors, ventilating doors, sidelights and so on. Interior doors included flush doors, panel doors, French doors, louver doors, cafe doors, and so on.
i. Check the opening for correct measurement
ii. Uncrate the prehung door. If the door is not prehung, place the molding and trim in place first. Attach the door hinges by cutting the gains and screwing in the hinges
iii. Check for plumb and level
iv. Temporarily secure the door with shims and nails
v. Check for proper operation
vi. Secure the door permanently
vii. Install the lock and its associated hardware
Doors can be divided in exterior door and interior doors. Then exterior doors include panel doors, sash doors, ventilating doors, sidelights and so on. Interior doors included flush doors, panel doors, French doors, louver doors, cafe doors, and so on.
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