Building exist to meet a primary physical human need which is shelter. To satisfy man’s desire for mental and spiritual satisfaction from his environment, building must be well designed as well as efficiently constructed.
Build a building is not easy, just like Roman cannot build within one day. To make sure that you can success complete a building many elements are require, such as a systematic planning, corporative of workforce, and the technique of professional, semi-professional and non-professional.
Every steps in complete a building from initial planning - prepare site work – form footing and foundation – floor frame – wall frame – roof frame – exterior finish – interior finish, must execute careful, attentive and concentrate. Otherwise, the complete building will meet some problem for example, leaking water, the door cannot fit, the wall slope or most serious is collapsed.
Every steps in complete a building from initial planning - prepare site work – form footing and foundation – floor frame – wall frame – roof frame – exterior finish – interior finish, must execute careful, attentive and concentrate. Otherwise, the complete building will meet some problem for example, leaking water, the door cannot fit, the wall slope or most serious is collapsed.
Step 1: Planning and Preparing the Site
When we build a building, we have to Planning and Preparing the Site. Initial planning is the most important element to success the completion of the building.Firstly is locating the building on the site, because it will be costly and waste workforce to move a building once it has been built. So a lot of things have to be check when we locating the building. Then, a surveyor should be called in to establish the limits of the property or property boundaries.
Layout of the foundation is the critical beginning in house construction. Make sure the foundation is square and level. It can make rough work until finish construction become much easier.
Next is the builder’s level. There got 3 main parts of a builder’s level, which are the telescope, the leveling vial and the circle. Two types of levels used for building sites. The level and the level-transit are the two instruments used. After that, have to establish elevation. The level can help establish what these elevation changes are. From the grade line you establish how much soil will have to be removed for basement; it can also determine the location of the floor.
One of the things to do is clear the site. Determine if there are tree in the immediate area of the house. If so, mark the trees to be removed. Weeds are also need to be taken out. Then, is excavation and providing access during construction.
At last, you can start deliver the materials to the site and make a temporary building. You also will need electricity to operate the power tools so you have to arrange for the power company to extend a line to the side and put in a meter on a pole nearby. Water needed to mix mortar, so you can have it by the same way.
Step 2: Footings and Foundation System
Footings are the lowest part of the building. These footings are the widened parts of the foundation, which rest directly on the soil. They are spread in order to distribute their loads over a wide enough area that the soil’s bearing capacity is not exceeded. Footings can be made in several ways; there are flat footings, stepped footings, pillared footings and pile footings.
Two factors have to be considering when decide whether the need of footing and choosing type of footings, there are:-
Soil strength: various types of soil got different characteristic. For example, when soil is soft, the footing must be made wider to spread the weight over more surfaces.
Width and depth of the footings
To make the footings stronger and the foundation wall will not shift or slide; we can reinforce with steel rod and then matched or keyed the footings. The formula below is to estimate the volume of concrete needed in footings: -
L’/3 x W”/36 x T”/36 = cubic yards
Where L’ = length in feet
W” = width in inches
T” = thickness in inches
Foundation system is the critical link the transmission of building loads down to the ground. These loads include the dead load of the building’s weight and live load of its occupants and contents. It also has to resist ground pressure as well as anchor the building’s superstructure against uplift or racking due to lateral wind or earthquake forces.
A foundation typically got columns, piers or walls, which rest on footings. The factors in determine the foundation system of a building is the type and bearing capacity of the soil to which the building loads are distributed.
Below is the formula to estimate concrete volume for foundation:-
L’/3 x H’/3 x T”/36 = cubic yards
Where L’ = length in feet
H’ = height in inches
T” = thickness in inches
Footings are the lowest part of the building. These footings are the widened parts of the foundation, which rest directly on the soil. They are spread in order to distribute their loads over a wide enough area that the soil’s bearing capacity is not exceeded. Footings can be made in several ways; there are flat footings, stepped footings, pillared footings and pile footings.
Two factors have to be considering when decide whether the need of footing and choosing type of footings, there are:-
Soil strength: various types of soil got different characteristic. For example, when soil is soft, the footing must be made wider to spread the weight over more surfaces.
Width and depth of the footings
To make the footings stronger and the foundation wall will not shift or slide; we can reinforce with steel rod and then matched or keyed the footings. The formula below is to estimate the volume of concrete needed in footings: -
L’/3 x W”/36 x T”/36 = cubic yards
Where L’ = length in feet
W” = width in inches
T” = thickness in inches
Foundation system is the critical link the transmission of building loads down to the ground. These loads include the dead load of the building’s weight and live load of its occupants and contents. It also has to resist ground pressure as well as anchor the building’s superstructure against uplift or racking due to lateral wind or earthquake forces.
A foundation typically got columns, piers or walls, which rest on footings. The factors in determine the foundation system of a building is the type and bearing capacity of the soil to which the building loads are distributed.
Below is the formula to estimate concrete volume for foundation:-
L’/3 x H’/3 x T”/36 = cubic yards
Where L’ = length in feet
H’ = height in inches
T” = thickness in inches
Following is the steps to make footings and foundation:-
i. Design footings and foundation
ii. Locate corners and lines for forms
iii. Check the level of footing and foundation excavation
iv. Make the forms for footings
v. Make the form for foundation
vi. Reinforce the forms as required
vii. Mix or select concrete for usage
viii. Pour the concrete into the forms
ix. Finish concrete in the forms
x. Embed anchor system in forms
xi. Waterproof foundation if neededMake necessary drainage system
i. Design footings and foundation
ii. Locate corners and lines for forms
iii. Check the level of footing and foundation excavation
iv. Make the forms for footings
v. Make the form for foundation
vi. Reinforce the forms as required
vii. Mix or select concrete for usage
viii. Pour the concrete into the forms
ix. Finish concrete in the forms
x. Embed anchor system in forms
xi. Waterproof foundation if neededMake necessary drainage system
Step 3: Floor Frame and Flooring
A floor form the base for the rest of the building and typically consists of a support structure called a sub-floor on top of which is laid a floor covering to provide a walking surface. Floor must transfer the loads horizontally across space to either beams or columns or to bearing walls. Floor frame means built over basement and crawl spaces. The work of installing a floor covering is called flooring, which is finishing.
The requirements of floor are:-
1) Strength and stability
2) Fire resistance
3) Sound insulation
4) Thermal insulation
5) Damp and ground gas resistance
Floor framing can be divided into 2 types which are platform type and balloon frame. These two differ are lie on how the wall and floor frame are connect.
Firstly, is checking the level of foundation and support and lay sill seals, termite shield. Then is lay the sill by anchors it and lay the girders. Joists are the support under the floor. They span from the sill to the girder. The sub floor is laid on the joists. It will be lay after girder. Lastly, is laying the sub flooring (also known as underlayment).
Types of floor structure are: -
- Solid floor
- Suspended floor
- Timber floor
- Concrete floor
- Steel floor
Concrete floor systems are classified according to the type of span and the resulting form:
- One-way and two-way slabs
- One-way joist slab
- Two-way waffle slab
- Two-way flat slab
- Two-way flat plate
The requirements of floor are:-
1) Strength and stability
2) Fire resistance
3) Sound insulation
4) Thermal insulation
5) Damp and ground gas resistance
Floor framing can be divided into 2 types which are platform type and balloon frame. These two differ are lie on how the wall and floor frame are connect.
Firstly, is checking the level of foundation and support and lay sill seals, termite shield. Then is lay the sill by anchors it and lay the girders. Joists are the support under the floor. They span from the sill to the girder. The sub floor is laid on the joists. It will be lay after girder. Lastly, is laying the sub flooring (also known as underlayment).
Types of floor structure are: -
- Solid floor
- Suspended floor
- Timber floor
- Concrete floor
- Steel floor
Concrete floor systems are classified according to the type of span and the resulting form:
- One-way and two-way slabs
- One-way joist slab
- Two-way waffle slab
- Two-way flat slab
- Two-way flat plate
Factors in system choice include the type and magnitude of load conditions, the desired floor depth, and the desired size and proportion of the structural bays.
As for upper floor, it also used concrete floor. The steel reinforcing bars are cast into the underside of the floor with concrete cover below them to prevent the steel rusting and to give it some protection in case of fire. The thicker the concrete cover to reinforcement the greater the resistance of the floor to fire. Normally, engineer will determine the thickness of concrete required and span according the loads have to be bear.
As for upper floor, it also used concrete floor. The steel reinforcing bars are cast into the underside of the floor with concrete cover below them to prevent the steel rusting and to give it some protection in case of fire. The thicker the concrete cover to reinforcement the greater the resistance of the floor to fire. Normally, engineer will determine the thickness of concrete required and span according the loads have to be bear.
Laying ceramic tile is one of the decorations for floor and it is known as furnishing. Normally it will be do after complete the rough work. Two method can be use to install ceramic floor tile.
It is known as cement-plaster combination. A special concrete is used as the bed for the tile. The bed be mixed, poured, leveled and toweled smooth and let it sit for few minutes. Then embed the tiles in place. The tiles should be soaked in water if this method is used. They should be taken out of the water one at a time and allowed to drain slightly.
Press the tile into place in the cement base. All the tiles are installed. Then special grout is pressed into the cracks between the tiles. Then completely fills the joints between the tiles. The grouted joints should be cleaned and tooled within a very few hours after installation.
The other one is known as adhesives. The adhesives are spread evenly on the tiles. This is much like laying resilient tile. After the adhesive has been spread, the tiles are placed. Then a common grout is forced between the tiles. It is wiped and allowed to dry.
It is known as cement-plaster combination. A special concrete is used as the bed for the tile. The bed be mixed, poured, leveled and toweled smooth and let it sit for few minutes. Then embed the tiles in place. The tiles should be soaked in water if this method is used. They should be taken out of the water one at a time and allowed to drain slightly.
Press the tile into place in the cement base. All the tiles are installed. Then special grout is pressed into the cracks between the tiles. Then completely fills the joints between the tiles. The grouted joints should be cleaned and tooled within a very few hours after installation.
The other one is known as adhesives. The adhesives are spread evenly on the tiles. This is much like laying resilient tile. After the adhesive has been spread, the tiles are placed. Then a common grout is forced between the tiles. It is wiped and allowed to dry.
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